PhD without residence - Ahlia - Brunel Universi

Tuition Fee

USD 24,949

Per year

Start Date

Medium of studying

On campus

Duration

73 months

Program Facts

About Program

About University

Admission Requirements

Program Facts

Program Details

Degree

PhD

Major

Healthcare Management

Area of study

Health

Education type

On campus

Timing

Full time

Course Language

English

Tuition Fee

Average International Tuition Fee

USD 24,949

Intakes

Program start date	Application deadline
2023-04-24	-
2023-09-19	-
2024-01-09	-

About Program

Program Overview

Research profile

Brunel University London is very pleased to have a close partnership with Ahlia University, which allows students in the Gulf region to undertake a Brunel PhD with supervision and training given by our academic members of staff. We are glad that this gives students the ability to study and research for a UK degree, while based in Bahrain and proud of the success of the graduates from the programme. Ahlia University is the first private university licensed by the Government of the Kingdom of Bahrain under the Cabinet decision no. 03-1626, dated 25th March 2001.

Unrivalled opportunity of a PhD from a prestigious UK university

Full support and excellent facilities provided by Ahlia University Bahrain

Exceptional chance to work alongside top computing, business and management researchers

Our expertise in Computing

Research in Computer Science at Brunel is internationally recognised, ranked 5th in the UK in the Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities and 1st in the UK for H-index (source NTU 2018). We have particular strengths in research into computing methodologies (Intelligent data analysis, artificial intelligence, simulation and modelling), software engineering, human-centred computing (HCI and interactive multimedia systems) and digital economy (including IoT, trust, privacy and cybersecurity). Our research delivers creative computing solutions to industrial and societal challenges, with applications including healthcare, overseas development, education, ecology, finance and manufacturing.

Learn more about research in this area.

Our expertise in Business Management

Research activities within the Business School at Brunel cover a wide-ranging and diverse field of topics from accounting, through HR, to strategy. Academic staff involved within these programmes investigate corporate governance and social responsibility, employment relations, information systems, corporate brands, marketplace cultures, international business and entrepreneurship and much more. Our research drives forward global business and societal transformation and is applied to many areas, such as NASA’s mission to Mars, humanitarian relief in Iran, biobank network across Europe, British Monarchy brand in the UK, to innovating the public sector in Saudi Arabia.

Learn more about research in this area.

Browse the work of subject-relevant research groups

Accounting and Auditing

Digital Economy

Marketing and Corporate Brand Management

Healthcare Management, Culture and Leadership Group

Computational Biology

Operations and Information Systems Management

Brunel Education Research and Guidance Hub

South Asia Studies

Intelligent Digital Economy and Society

Institute of Communities and Society

Smart Technology Advancements in Health and Rehabilitation

Institute of Digital Futures

Modelling and Simulation

Brunel Software Engineering Lab

Entrepreneurship and Sustainability

Interactive Multimedia Systems

Strategy Entrepreneurship and International Business

Circular Food Forum

AI Social and Digital Innovation

Human Resource Management and Organization Behaviour

Computer Science for Social Good

Intelligent Data Analysis

Human Computer Interaction

You can explore our campus and facilities for yourself by taking our virtual tour.

Program Outline

Research journey

Read the course brochure here

How does it work?

You will be based for your studies at Ahlia University and have full access to all of Ahlia’s facilities including its extensive library.

You will have full online access to Brunel facilities including the library.

You will be assigned two academic supervisors who will support and guide you over the course of your PhD: your principal supervisor will be based at Brunel University London and local supervisor will be based at Ahlia University, Kingdom of Bahrain.

You will also be encouraged to attend conferences and to disseminate your research.

Brunel regularly runs seminars and workshops in the Kingdom of Bahrain to help you with your study and research skills.

You are strongly encouraged to visit Brunel whenever possible throughout your studies; your viva will take place at Brunel University London.

What are the main benefits of this research degree programme?

It represents a unique opportunity for anyone who is unable to spend three years abroad – maybe due to work or family commitments – to be awarded a PhD by a UK university with an international reputation

It has been judged to meet the standards set by the UK's Quality Assurance Agency (the organisation responsible for upholding academic standards and quality of higher education in the UK)

You can choose from a wide range of research topics – research interests of academic staff span all the main areas of business and management research (for further information, please download the brochure)

You will have access to the research expertise of Brunel Business School academics without having to leave Bahrain: members of Brunel Business School have published extensively and are recognised as leaders in a range of research fields

You will receive support from academics at Ahlia and be entitled to make full use of Ahlia's excellent facilities

Your research proposal

To support your application you should include a research proposal. This should detail the proposed area and structure of your research and should extend to about 1,000 words. Your proposal will be used to assess how consistent your research interests are with the School's current research activities, to judge whether the research is possible, necessary and timely and to decide whether you have the appropriate skills to carry out your proposed study.

Please describe your research area and research issues of interest and also the rationale for your research. You should also identify the relationship between the literature and your proposed research and discuss the importance of your research interest: is it something that is absent from the current literature or something that needs further development? Please also provide information about your proposed methodology and specify any conceptual or technical limitations.

Please send your initial queries to phdwr@ahlia.edu.bh. Please upload the completed application form and supporting documents in the links provided on the right-hand side.

Please take particular care to ensure that your personal statement (Section 19) fully explains why you are interested in studying for a PhD, how a PhD will contribute to your future career plans and why you have chosen Brunel’s PhD without residence programme at Ahlia University.

Supporting documents

Your research proposal

Your CV

Your Passport

Authenticated copies of your academic qualifications

(Master’s and Bachelor’s degree certificates and transcripts)

Proof of English Language proficiency

Two references, one of which must be from an academic

Contact in Bahrain

Address: Kingdom Tower Building 8, Road 1901, block 319 Horra, flat36 – Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain

Tel: +973 1731 3524, +973 17 298999.

Mobile:+973 3399 7734, +973 3988 7612

Email: phdwr@ahlia.edu.bh

You can also find more information at www.ahlia.edu.bh/brunel-phd

This course can be studied 3 years full-time or 6 years part-time, starting in January. Or this course can be studied 3 years full-time or 6 years part-time, starting in October.

Find out about what progress might look like at each stage of study here: Research degree progress structure.

Careers and your future

You will receive tailored careers support during your PhD and for up to three years after you complete your research at Brunel. We encourage you to actively engage in career planning and managing your personal development right from the start of your research, even (or perhaps especially) if you don't yet have a career path in mind. Our careers provision includes online information and advice, one-to-one consultations and a range of events and workshops. The Professional Development Centre runs a varied programme of careers events throughout the academic year. These include industry insight sessions, recruitment fairs, employer pop-ups and skills workshops.

In addition, where available, you may be able to undertake some paid work as we recognise that teaching and learning support duties represent an important professional and career development opportunity.

Find out more.

Find a supervisor

Our researchers create knowledge and advance understanding, and equip versatile doctoral researchers with the confidence to apply what they have learnt for the benefit of society. Find out more about working with the Supervisory Team.

You are welcome to approach your potential supervisor directly to discuss your research interests. Search for expert supervisors for your chosen field of research.

To support you in your research you will be assigned two research-active supervisors. One of your supervisors will be an academic from Ahlia University; the other will be an academic from Brunel. PhD students are expected to work independently, with guidance from your supervisors. Your Ahlia supervisor will be on hand for regular face-to-face meetings and you will have regular contact with your Brunel supervisor by email, Skype or telephone. In addition, your supervisory team will include a Research Development Advisor who will assist you in determining appropriate research and professional development training opportunities.

To encourage critical analysis and independence of thought, staff from Brunel University London regularly organise and deliver innovative workshops and seminars. All of these take place at Ahlia University. Whilst many students take the opportunity to visit Brunel University and meet their supervisor face-to-face, this is not strictly necessary. The only time you are required to come to Brunel is for your viva defence once you have submitted your thesis.

PhD topics

While we welcome applications from student with a clear direction for their research, we are providing you with some ideas for your chosen field of research:

A Machine Learning Approach for Migrating to Microservices, supervised by Nour Ali

Additive manufacturing and sustainability, supervised by Eujin Pei

Advanced planar MIMO sparse imaging for target detection, supervised by Hongying Meng and Shaoqing Hu

Automatic computational fluid-dynamics, supervised by James Tyacke

Autonomous robots for non-disruptive inspection of utility and sewage systems, supervised by Md Nazmul Huda

Brain wave analysis and modelling with graph signal processing, supervised by Nikolaos Boulgouris

Building Information Model Development Using Generative Adversarial Networks, supervised by Michael Rustell and Tatiana Kalganova

Can AI based robot car win the race, supervised by Dong Zhang

CFD modelling of plasma flow control, supervised by James Tyacke

Cultivating virtual embodiment using non-invasive brain stimulation, supervised by Monica Pereira and Nadine Aburumman

Deep Learning for Medical Imaging, supervised by Yongmin Li

Deep learning-based autonomous diagnosis of gastrointestinal tract cancers, supervised by Md Nazmul Huda

Design and Development of a Capsule Robot for Medical Applications, supervised by Md Nazmul Huda

Developing computational models to understand the evolution of bidirectional catalysts in biology, supervised by Sarath Dantu

Development of personalised services and applications for healthcare, supervised by Fotios Spyridonis, George Ghinea, Zidong Wang and Xiaohui Liu

Development of resilient hospitals through enhanced built environment design and research, supervised by Kangkang Tang

Digital Stone: Robotic Construction of a Masonry Arch Bridge, supervised by Michael Rustell and Tatiana Kalganova

Disruptive Digital Experiences, supervised by Harry Agius and Damon Daylamani-Zad

Energy and CO2 Awareness during Software Design and Development, supervised by Nour Ali

Explaining model decisions through dialogue, supervised by Isabel Sassoon

Exploring the potential of serious games to enhance user engagement with real-world applications, supervised by Fotios Spyridonis and Damon Daylamani-Zad

Intelligent, Interpretable and Adaptive Design of Steel Structures using Deep Learning and NLP, supervised by Michael Rustell and Tatiana Kalganova

Large Language Models (LLM) for Automated Finite Element Analysis, supervised by Michael Rustell and Tatiana Kalganova

Machine learning approaches in health data science for risk prediction of cardiovascular diseases, supervised by Raha Pazoki

Machine learning for natural language modelling and processing, supervised by Nikolaos Boulgouris

Machine learning for sustainable transportation systems, supervised by Muhammad Shafique

Measuring and reporting on the biodiversity impact of businesses, supervised by Nibedita Mukherjee

Natural Language Processing for Business Intelligence, supervised by Yongmin Li

Real-time Visual and Haptic Feedback of Grasping Movements in Virtual Reality, supervised by Nadine Aburumman

Swarm of multiple co-operative and autonomous low-cost robots for search and rescue, supervised by Md Nazmul Huda

Use of Large Language Models (LLM) as a Structural Engineering Design Assistant, supervised by Michael Rustell and Tatiana Kalganova

User experience in Extended Reality environments and applications, supervised by Fotios Spyridonis and Damon Daylamani-Zad

Using deep learning for weed detection, supervised by Tatiana Kalganova

Using Machine Learning to Simulate Macroscopic phenomena for Fluid Dynamics, supervised by Nadine Aburumman

Admission Requirements

The general University entrance requirement for registration for a research degree is normally a First or Upper Second Class Honours degree (1st or 2:1).

An interview will be required as part of the admissions process and will be conducted by at least two academic staff members remotely via MS Teams, Zoom, or face to face.

Applicants will be required to submit a personal statement and a research statement.

Please contact your proposed supervisor, where possible, to receive feedback and guidance on your research statement before submitting it. Learn how to prepare a research statement here.

English Language Requirements

All courses at Brunel have an English language requirement. This is listed on your

course page

under 'entry criteria'.

If you need an English test, we recommend booking one early

as there can be a long wait in some areas. You can also take our Brunel English Language Test (

BrunELT

What level of English do I need?

In general, our courses ask for an English level of between IELTS 6.0 and 7.0 or equivalent. Some courses will have higher requirements (and will require you to also reach minimum sub-scores), so please

check your course page

for the exact level

If you do not meet the required level of English, you can take one of our

pre-sessional courses

What English qualifications does Brunel accept?

English qualifications we currently accept for degree level study include those listed below. We accept a wide range of other qualifications, so if you are unsure please get in touch with us on

What English qualifications do I need if I wish to study English at Brunel before my degree course?

If you need to study English before starting your degree, you should take one of the following tests at

an approved test centre

in order to apply for a Student visa:

IELTS (Academic) for UKVI SELT (minimum of IELTS 4 for overall and sub-scores)

LanguageCert International ESOL SELT (B1 level or above, Pass overall and 33 for each part)

Trinity College Integrated Skills in English (ISE) (Ievel 1 or above, both modules)

Pearson PTE Academic UKVI (43 for each part)

Find out more about exams you can take to obtain a Student visa:

IELTS (Academic) for UKVI,

LanguageCert International ESOL SELT

Trinity College Integrated Skills in English (ISE)

, and

Pearson PTE Academic

. For further details,

I don't need to study English before I start my degree. Do I still need to provide proof of English language?

All international students must show evidence that they meet the English requirement for their course of study. This applies even if English is the native language of your home country. If this is the case, a pass at high school level which is equivalent to GCSE Grade C or above is sometimes acceptable. Please see your

country page

for more information.

If you don't need to study English before your degree and don't have relevant high school qualifications, we can still accept a non-UKVI-approved IELTS from an official test centre with the required scores. However, should you not achieve the required scores for your degree course, you will not be able to use this IELTS to apply for a Tier 4 visa for a pre-sessional English course in the UK. In some circumstances, if you don't have a UKVI IELTS, you may be able to attend an English course with a Short Term Study visa.

for more information.

English language qualifications we accept

(Click to expand and see specific requirements):

IELTS for UKVI (UKVI approved for Student Visa)

Pre-sessional English only
4.0 to 5.0
Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College (PBC)	5.5
Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College (PBC) /Brunel degree programmes	6.0
	6.5
	7.0
(Minimum 4 in all subscores)
Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College (PBC)	(Minimum 5.5 in all subscores)
Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College (PBC) /Brunel degree programmes	(Minimum 5.5 in all subscores)
	(Minimum 5.5 to 6.0 in all subscores, depending on course)
	(Minimum 5.5 to 7.0 in all subscores, depending on course)

Pre-sessional English only

Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College (PBC)

Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College (PBC) /Brunel degree programmes

4.0 to 5.0

5.5

6.0

6.5

7.0

(Minimum 4 in all subscores)

(Minimum 5.5 in all subscores)

(Minimum 5.5 to 6.0 in all subscores, depending on course)

(Minimum 5.5 to 7.0 in all subscores, depending on course)

English language requirements for direct entry to Brunel are dependent on your chosen course.

View your course page

for more information.

Please contact

for more information.

Trinity College London: Secure English Language Tests for UKVI - Integrated Skills in English (ISE) (UKVI approved for Student Visa)


IELTS
Pre-sessional English only	4.0+
Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College (BPC)	5.5
Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College (BPC)/Brunel degree programmes	6.0
	6.5
	7.0
Trinity ISE
Pre-sessional English only	ISE I with pass or higher in all parts
Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College (BPC)	ISE II with pass in all parts
Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College (BPC)/Brunel degree programmes	ISE III with pass in all parts
	ISE III with pass in all parts
	ISE IV with pass in all parts

Pre-sessional English only

Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College (BPC)

Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College (BPC)/Brunel degree programmes

IELTS

4.0+

5.5

6.0

6.5

7.0

Trinity ISE

ISE I with pass or higher in all parts

ISE II with pass in all parts

ISE III with pass in all parts

ISE IV with pass in all parts

English language requirements for direct entry to Brunel are dependent on your chosen course.

View your course page

for more information.

Please contact

for more information.

BrunELT (Brunel English Language Test)


IELTS
Pre-sessional English Only	4.0+
Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College (BPC)	5.5
Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College (BPC)/ Brunel degree programmes	6.0
	6.5
	7.0
	7.5
BrunELT
Pre-sessional English Only	40%+ (a minimum of 40% in all parts)
Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College (BPC)	55% (a minimum of 55% in all parts)
Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College (BPC)/ Brunel degree programmes	58% (a minimum of 55% in all parts)
	63% (a minimum of 55% or 58% in all parts, depending on course)
	68% (a minimum of 58%, 63% or 68% in all parts, depending on course)
	73% (a minimum of 58%, 63% or 68% in all parts, depending on course)

	Pre-sessional English Only	Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College (BPC)	Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College (BPC)/ Brunel degree programmes
IELTS	4.0+	5.5	6.0	6.5	7.0	7.5
BrunELT	40%+ (a minimum of 40% in all parts)	55% (a minimum of 55% in all parts)	58% (a minimum of 55% in all parts)	63% (a minimum of 55% or 58% in all parts, depending on course)	68% (a minimum of 58%, 63% or 68% in all parts, depending on course)	73% (a minimum of 58%, 63% or 68% in all parts, depending on course)

Pre-sessional English Only

Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College (BPC)

Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College (BPC)/

Brunel degree programmes

IELTS

4.0+

5.5

6.0

6.5

7.0

7.5

BrunELT

40%+ (a minimum of 40% in all parts)

55% (a minimum of 55% in all parts)

58% (a minimum of 55% in all parts)

63% (a minimum of 55% or 58% in all parts, depending on course)

68% (a minimum of 58%, 63% or 68% in all parts, depending on course)

73% (a minimum of 58%, 63% or 68% in all parts, depending on course)

English language requirements for direct entry to Brunel are dependent on your chosen course.

View your course page

for more information.

Please contact

for more information.

Pearson Academic (UKVI approved for Student Visa)


IELTS
Pre-sessional English only	4.0+
Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College (BPC)	5.5
Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College (BPC)/ Brunel degree programmes	6.0
	6.5
	7.0
PTE Academic UKVI
Pre-sessional English only	43+ (a minimum of 43 for each part)
Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College (BPC)	59 (a minimum of 59 for each part)
Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College (BPC)/ Brunel degree programmes	59 (a minimum of 59 for each part)
	59 (a minimum of 59 for each part)
	64 (a minimum of 59 or 64 for each part, depending on course)

Pre-sessional English only

Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College (BPC)

Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College (BPC)/

Brunel degree programmes

IELTS

4.0+

5.5

6.0

6.5

7.0

PTE Academic UKVI

43+ (a minimum of 43 for each part)

59 (a minimum of 59 for each part)

64 (a minimum of 59 or 64 for each part, depending on course)

English language requirements for direct entry to Brunel are dependent on your chosen course.

View your course page

for more information.

Please contact

for more information.

Cambridge


IELTS
Pre-sessional English only	4.0+
Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College (BPC)	5.5
Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College/ Brunel degree programmes	6.0
	6.5
	7.0
Cambridge English: Business Certificates (BEC) suite of exams
Pre-sessional English only	140-159 (a minimum of 140 for each part) (previously BEC Preliminary pass/pass with merit)
Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College (BPC)	160 (minimum of 160 for each part) or BEC Vantage (Grade C)
Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College/ Brunel degree programmes	169 (minimum of 160 for each part) or BEC Vantage (Grade B)
	180 (minimum of 160 or 169 for each part, depending on course) or BEC Higher (Grade C) or Vantage (Grade A)
	185 (minimum of 169 or 180 for each part, depending on course) or BEC Higher (Grade B)
IGCSE EFL (English as a first language)
Pre-sessional English only	D
Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College (BPC)	C/4
Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College/ Brunel degree programmes	C/4
	C/4
	C/4
IGCSE ESL (English as a second language)
Pre-sessional English only	D
Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College (BPC)	C/4
Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College/ Brunel degree programmes	C/4
	C/4
	C/4
B2 First (formerly FCE)
Pre-sessional English only	140-159 (a minimum of 140 for each sub-score) (Pass/Pass for previous BEC Preliminary)
Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College (BPC)	160 (a minimum of 160 for each sub-score) (C old test)
Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College/ Brunel degree programmes	169 (a minimum of 160 for each sub-score, depending on course) (B old test)
	180 (a minimum of 160 or 169 for each sub-score, depending on course) (A old test)

C1 Advanced (formerly CAE)
Pre-sessional English only	N/A
Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College (BPC)	160 (a minimum of 160 for each sub-score) (D old test)
Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College/ Brunel degree programmes	169 (a minimum of 160 for each sub-score, depending on course)
	180 (a minimum of 160 or 169 for each sub-score, depending on course) (C old test)
	185 (a minimum of 169 or 180 for each sub-score, depending on course)
C2 Proficiency (CPE)
Pre-sessional English only	N/A
Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College (BPC)	160 (a minimum of 160 for each sub-score)
Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College/ Brunel degree programmes	169 (a minimum of 160 for each sub-score, depending on course)
	180 (a minimum of 160 or 169 for each sub-score, depending on course)
	185 (a minimum of 169 or 180 for each sub-score, depending on course)
International Legal English Certificate - ILEC/ International Certificate of Financial English - ICFE
Pre-sessional English only	N/A
Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College (BPC)	160 (a minimum of 160 for each sub-score) (B2 Pass)
Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College/ Brunel degree programmes	169 (a minimum of 160 for each sub-score, depending on course)(C1 Pass)
	180 (a minimum of 160 or 169 for each sub-score, depending on course)(C1 Pass)
	185 (a minimum of 169 or 180 for each sub-score, depending on course) (C1 Pass with Merit)
International Education English O'level
Pre-sessional English only	D
Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College (BPC)	C
Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College/ Brunel degree programmes	C
	C
	C
Cambridge International Level 1/Level 2 Certificate in First Language English
Pre-sessional English only	D
Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College (BPC)	C
Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College/ Brunel degree programmes	C
	C
	C

	Pre-sessional English only	Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College (BPC)	Pre-sessional English/Brunel Pathway College/ Brunel degree programmes
IELTS	4.0+	5.5	6.0	6.5	7.0
Cambridge English: Business Certificates (BEC) suite of exams	140-159 (a minimum of 140 for each part) (previously BEC Preliminary pass/pass with merit)	160 (minimum of 160 for each part) or BEC Vantage (Grade C)	169 (minimum of 160 for each part) or BEC Vantage (Grade B)	180 (minimum of 160 or 169 for each part, depending on course) or BEC Higher (Grade C) or Vantage (Grade A)	185 (minimum of 169 or 180 for each part, depending on course) or BEC Higher (Grade B)
IGCSE EFL (English as a first language)	D	C/4	C/4	C/4	C/4
IGCSE ESL (English as a second language)	D	C/4	C/4	C/4	C/4
B2 First (formerly FCE)	140-159 (a minimum of 140 for each sub-score) (Pass/Pass for previous BEC Preliminary)	160 (a minimum of 160 for each sub-score) (C old test)	169 (a minimum of 160 for each sub-score, depending on course) (B old test)	180 (a minimum of 160 or 169 for each sub-score, depending on course) (A old test)
C1 Advanced (formerly CAE)	N/A	160 (a minimum of 160 for each sub-score) (D old test)	169 (a minimum of 160 for each sub-score, depending on course)	180 (a minimum of 160 or 169 for each sub-score, depending on course) (C old test)	185 (a minimum of 169 or 180 for each sub-score, depending on course)
C2 Proficiency (CPE)	N/A	160 (a minimum of 160 for each sub-score)	169 (a minimum of 160 for each sub-score, depending on course)	180 (a minimum of 160 or 169 for each sub-score, depending on course)	185 (a minimum of 169 or 180 for each sub-score, depending on course)
International Legal English Certificate - ILEC/ International Certificate of Financial English - ICFE	N/A	160 (a minimum of 160 for each sub-score) (B2 Pass)	169 (a minimum of 160 for each sub-score, depending on course)(C1 Pass)	180 (a minimum of 160 or 169 for each sub-score, depending on course)(C1 Pass)	185 (a minimum of 169 or 180 for

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