Program Overview

Synthetic and Mechanistic Investigations with Perfluoroarenes

Qualification(s) available:

PhD

Entry requirements

• Minimum 2:1 honours degree
• Fees for (per academic year)
• (Self-funded)
  • UK: £5,006
  • International: £28,600
• Full-time
  • 3 years
• Start date
  • October 2025, January 2026
• Application deadline
  • 1 October 2025
• Project reference
  • CM/GW-SF1/2025
• Location
  • Loughborough
• Subject area(s)
  • Chemistry

Project details

This project will study rearrangement and anulation reactions for per- and poly-fluoroarene derivatives. Reactions involving tandem SNAr, Smiles or Truce-Smiles processes will be examined. The reactions will be developed to prepare new and usefully functionalised aromatic and heterocyclic compounds.

Supervisors

• Primary supervisor: George Weaver
• Secondary supervisor: Marc Kimber

Entry requirements

Our entry requirements are listed using standard UK undergraduate degree classifications i.e. first-class honours, upper second-class honours and lower second-class honours. To learn the equivalent for your country, please see below.

Entry requirements for United Kingdom

Applicants should have, or shortly be expecting an upper second or first class degree in chemistry or a closely related discipline. An interest in, and good knowledge of, organic chemistry and reaction mechanism is required. Experience of practical synthetic chemistry is necessary, as is familiarity with spectroscopic methods of analysis including NMR, IR and MS. Candidates need not submit a research proposal but should highlight their interest in this project. References will be taken up as part of the recruitment process.

International Entry Requirements

The following are the entry requirements for various countries:

• Afghanistan:
  • First-class honours (70%): Masters, 95%
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 85%
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 70%
• Albania:
  • First-class honours (70%): Diplomë e Nivelit të Pare (First Level (University) Diploma (from 2010)), 9.5
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 8.5
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 8
• Algeria:
  • First-class honours (70%): Licence (4 year) / Diplome d'Inginieur d'Etat / Diplôme d'Etudes Supérieures, 16
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 14
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 12
• Argentina:
  • First-class honours (70%): Licenciatura/ Licenciado (4 year), 8.5
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 7.5
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 6.0
• Armenia:
  • First-class honours (70%): Bakalavri Kochum required but typically a Magistrosi Kochum, 90% or 3.9
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 80% or 3.5
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 70% or 3.0
• Australia:
  • First-class honours (70%): Honours degree (AQF level 8), First Class, 80%
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): Upper Second, 70%, H2A
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): Lower Second, 60%, H2B
• Austria:
  • First-class honours (70%): Degree / Diplomstudium / Fachhochschuldiplom (Diplom (FH)), A (or 1.5) mit Auszeichnungbestanden
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 60% / B / (or 2)
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 60% / B / (or 2)
• Azerbaijan:
  • First-class honours (70%): Bakalavr Diplomu/ Diplomu (Specialist Diploma), 4.5 or 90%
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 4 or 80%
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 3.5 or 70%
• Bahamas:
  • First-class honours (70%): Degree from University of the West Indies only, 1st (GPA 3.6)
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 2:1 (GPA 3.0)
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 2:2 (GPA 2.5)
• Bahrain:
  • First-class honours (70%): GPA 4.0 scale, 3.5
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 3.0
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 2.8
• Bangladesh:
  • First-class honours (70%): 4 Year Bachelor of Science in Engineering (IEB and BAETE accredited courses up to 2024), 1st (70%) / 3.5
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 2nd (60%) / 3.0
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 2nd (55%) / 2.75
• Barbados:
  • First-class honours (70%): University of the West Indies, Honours degree, 1st (GPA 3.6)
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 2:1 (GPA 3.0)
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 2:2 (GPA 2.5)
• Belarus:
  • First-class honours (70%): Specialist Diploma (5Yr), 9
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 7
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 5
• Belgium:
  • First-class honours (70%): Bachelor degree/Licenciaat/Licencie, 80% or 17
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 70% or 14
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 60% or 12
• Belize:
  • First-class honours (70%): Degree from University of the West Indies only, 1st (GPA 3.6)
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 2:1 (GPA 3.0)
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 2:2 (GPA 2.5)
• Benin:
  • First-class honours (70%): Maitrise, 18
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 15 or Bien
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 12 or Assez Bien
• Bermuda:
  • First-class honours (70%): Degree from University of the West Indies only, 1st (GPA 3.6)
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 2:1 (GPA 3.0)
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 2:2 (GPA 2.5)
• Bolivia:
  • First-class honours (70%): A Licenciado, 4 years Private (public/private), 85/78
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 75/66
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 67/55
• Bosnia and Herzegovina:
  • First-class honours (70%): Diploma Visokog Obrazovanja / Diplomirani, 10
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 9
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 8
• Botswana:
  • First-class honours (70%): Master's degree, A or 80%
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): B or 70%
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): C or 60%
• Brazil:
  • First-class honours (70%): Brazil - 4 yr Bacharel or Licenciado/Licenciatura or Título Profissional, 8.5
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 7.5
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 6.5
• Brunei:
  • First-class honours (70%): Brunei, First
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): Upper Second (60%/B/3.1)
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): Lower Second (50% or C or 2.5)
• Bulgaria:
  • First-class honours (70%): 5 yr Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie (Diploma of Completed Higher Education), 6
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 5
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 4
• Burundi:
  • First-class honours (70%): Masters or Diplôme d'Études Approfondies or Diplôme Ingénieur (professional title), 18
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 15/20 (Bien)
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 12.5/20 (Assez Bien)
• Cambodia:
  • First-class honours (70%): Masters, 80% or B+ or 3.5
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 70% or B or 3.0
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 60% or C+ or 2.5
• Cameroon:
  • First-class honours (70%): Bachelor degree or Diplome d'Etudes Superiures de Commerce or Diplome d'Ingenieur or Diplôme d'Ingénieur de Conception or a Maitrise, 4 year Licence or Master 1 (M1), 1st / 3.6 or 15/Tres Bien
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 2:1 / GPA 3.0 or 14 / Bien
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 2:2 / GPA 2.5 or 12.5/ Assez Bien
• Canada:
  • First-class honours (70%): GPA 4.0/Percentage, 3.7/85%
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 3.3/75%
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 2.7/68%
• Chile:
  • First-class honours (70%): Grado de Licenciado / Título (Profesional) de [subject area] (4 years), 6
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 5.5
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 5
• China: Students are required to have a bachelor degree (4 years) for entry to a postgraduate programme. The University uses the Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities to identify the required final mark, as outlined on the table below:
  • First class (70%): Shanghai Rank Top 250, 83%
  • Mid 2:1 (65%): Shanghai Rank Top 250, 79%
  • 2:1 (60%): Shanghai Rank Top 250, 75%
  • Mid 2:2 (55%): Shanghai Rank Top 250, 73%
  • 2:2 (50%): Shanghai Rank Top 250, 70%
• Colombia:
  • First-class honours (70%): Licenciado / Título de [subject area], 4.5
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 3.75
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 3.2
• Costa Rica:
  • First-class honours (70%): Licenciado, 9
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 8 or 80
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 7 or 75
• Croatia:
  • First-class honours (70%): Baccalaureus / Prvostupnik, 4.5
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 3.8
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 3.0
• Cuba:
  • First-class honours (70%): 4-year Titulo de Licenciado / Licenciatura, 5
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 4
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 3
• Cyprus:
  • First-class honours (70%): Cyprus, 8.5
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 7.0
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 6.5
• Czech Republic:
  • First-class honours (70%): Bakalár (after 2001) 6 yr integrated Magistr, 1
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 1.5
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 2
• Denmark:
  • First-class honours (70%): 5 year Candidatus/Candidata Magisterii or Bachelor degree (7 point scale), 12
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 10
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 7
• Dominican Republic:
  • First-class honours (70%): 4 year Licenciado or Título de [subject area], 3.8
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): Magna Cum Laude or 3.5 or 85%
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): Cum Laude or 3.2 or 82%
• Ecuador:
  • First-class honours (70%): Título de Licenciado / Título de [subject area], 8.5 / 85%
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 8 / 80%
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 7 / 70%
• Egypt:
  • First-class honours (70%): Egypt, 3.5
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 3.2
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 2.8
• El Salvador:
  • First-class honours (70%): 5 year Licenciado, Título de Ingeniero/Arquitecto, 8.5, 85%
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 7.5, 75% or Muy Bueno
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 6.5, 65% or Bueno
• Estonia:
  • First-class honours (70%): Bakalaureusekraad or Magister or Magistrikraad, 5 or 91% or A
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 4 or 81% or B
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 3 or 71% or C
• Ethiopia:
  • First-class honours (70%): Masters (up to 2025), A / GPA 4.0
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): A / GPA 3.5
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): B / GPA 2.8
• Finland:
  • First-class honours (70%): Kandidaattii/Kandidat or the Maisteri/Magister, 3 (out of 3) or 4.5 (out of 5)
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 2 (out of 3) or 3 (out of 5)
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 1 (out of 3) or 2.5 (out of 5)
• France:
  • First-class honours (70%): Licence (3 years)/ Maitrise/ Diplôme d'Ingénieur, 14
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 13
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 11
• Georgia:
  • First-class honours (70%): 4-year degree (% = new system), 5 (95%)
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 4.0 (85%)
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 3.5 (75%)
• Germany:
  • First-class honours (70%): German Bachelor/ Diplom, Magister Artium / Zeugnis über den Zweiten Abschnitt der Ärztlichen Prüfung, 1.5
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 2.5
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 3.0
• Ghana:
  • First-class honours (70%): Ghana, First
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): Upper second/60%
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): Lower second/50%
• Greece:
  • First-class honours (70%): Universities, 8.5
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 7.0
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 6
• Grenada:
  • First-class honours (70%): Degree from University of West Indies - classification, 1st, 70% (GPA 3.6)
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 2:1, 60% (GPA 3.00)
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 2:2, 50% (GPA 2.5)
• Guatemala:
  • First-class honours (70%): Liceniado / Titulo de (subject area) - 4 years, 90% (public university) / 95% (private university)
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 80% (public university) / 85% (private university)
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 60% (public university) / 70% (private university)
• Guyana:
  • First-class honours (70%): Master's, GPA 4
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): GPA 3.5
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 3.0
• Honduras:
  • First-class honours (70%): Título de Licenciado / Grado Académico de Licenciatura (4 year degree) - GPA out of 5, GPA 5 or 90%
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): GPA 4 or 80%
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): GPA 3.5 or 70%
• Hong Kong:
  • First-class honours (70%): 1st or 3.5/4
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 2:1or 3/4
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 2:2 or 2.5/4
• Hungary:
  • First-class honours (70%): Alapfokozt or Egyetemi Oklevel / Bachelor, 4.5
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 3.5
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 3
• Iceland:
  • First-class honours (70%): Baccalaurreatus degree or Kandidatsprof/Candidatus Mag, 8.5
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 7.5
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 6.5
• India:
  • First-class honours (70%): Institutions listed on the National Institutional Ranking Framework, 65% (First)
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 60% (First)
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 55% (Upper second)
• Indonesia:
  • First-class honours (70%): Sarjana I (S1) from accredited Universities, 3.3
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 3.0
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 2.8
• Iran:
  • First-class honours (70%): Iran, 17
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 15
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 13
• Iraq:
  • First-class honours (70%): Iraq, 80%
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 75%
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 70%
• Ireland:
  • First-class honours (70%): Republic of Ireland, First (70%)
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): Upper second (60%)
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): Lower second (50%)
• Israel:
  • First-class honours (70%): 3 yr Bachelor Degree, 90%
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 80%
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 70%
• Italy:
  • First-class honours (70%): Diploma di Laurea, 109/110
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 100/110
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 90/110
• Ivory Coast:
  • First-class honours (70%): Diplome d'Etude Approfondies, Diplome d'Etude Superieures or Diplome d'Etude Superieures, 16
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 14 (Bien)
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 12 (Assez Bien)
• Jamaica:
  • First-class honours (70%): For degrees studied at The University of West Indies or degrees accredited by UCJ and CCCJ, 1st (GPA 3.6)
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 2:1 (GPA 3.0) or B
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 2:2, 50% (GPA 2.5)
• Japan:
  • First-class honours (70%): Gakushi – GPA 4.0 scale, 85% or A or 3.5
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 80% or B or 3.0
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 70% or C or 2.0
• Jordan:
  • First-class honours (70%): GPA 4.0 scale, 3.5
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 3 or 3.5/5 or 75%
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 2.5 (or 3.0/5) / 63%
• Kazakhstan:
  • First-class honours (70%): GPA 5.0/percentage scale, 4.5 or 90%
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 4 or 85%
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 3.5 or 80%
• Kenya:
  • First-class honours (70%): Kenya, First / 70% / A
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): Upper second / 60% / B
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): Lower second / 50% / C
• Kosovo:
  • First-class honours (70%): Kosovo, 10
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 9
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 8
• Kuwait:
  • First-class honours (70%): GPA 4.0 scale, 3.6
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 3.0
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 2.6
• Latvia:
  • First-class honours (70%): Latvia, 9
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 7
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 6
• Lebanon:
  • First-class honours (70%): American, 90% (3.5)
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 80% (3.2)
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 70% (2.8)
• Liberia:
  • First-class honours (70%): Master's, 4.0 or 90%
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 3.5 or 85%
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 3 or 80%
• Libya:
  • First-class honours (70%): BSc Engineering, Architecture, Medicine, 85 (3.6)
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 75 (3.0)
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 65 (2.5)
• Lithuania:
  • First-class honours (70%): Lithuania, 9
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 8
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 7
• Luxembourg:
  • First-class honours (70%): Luxembourg, 18 (excellent)
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 16 (tres Bien)
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 14 (bien)
• Macau:
  • First-class honours (70%): Macau, 1st or GPA 3.7
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 2:1 or GPA 3.0
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 2:2 or GPA 2.5
• Macedonia:
  • First-class honours (70%): Magistar Дипломиран / Баццалауреус / Баццалауреа (Bachelor degree), 10
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 9
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 8
• Malawi:
  • First-class honours (70%): Master's only, MSc 75%
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): MSc 70%
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): MSc 65%
• Malaysia:
  • First-class honours (70%): Classification, First Class
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 2.1
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): GPA 2.5
• Malta:
  • First-class honours (70%): Malta, 1st (80%)
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 2:1 (70%)
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 2:2 (55%)
• Mauritius:
  • First-class honours (70%): Mauritius, 1st or 70%
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 2:1 or 60%
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 2:2 or 50%
• Mexico:
  • First-class honours (70%): Licenciatura / Licenciado/ Título de [subject area], 8.5
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 8
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 7
• Moldova:
  • First-class honours (70%): Diploma de Licenţă (Diploma of Licentiate), 9
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 8
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 7
• Mongolia:
  • First-class honours (70%): Диплом Специалиста (Specialist Diploma), 90% or 3.5
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 80% or GPA 3.2
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 70% or GPA 3.0
• Montenegro:
  • First-class honours (70%): Diploma of Completed Undergraduate Studies or Diploma of Professional Undergraduate Studies, 10 (or 5.0)
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 9 (or 4.5)
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 8 (or 4.0)
• Morocco:
  • First-class honours (70%): Diplôme d'Ingénieur d'État, Diplôme d'Écoles Nationales de Commerce et de Gestion, Licence / Licence d'Études Fondamentales / Licence Professionnelle, 16
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 14
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 12
• Mozambique:
  • First-class honours (70%): Mestrado/ Grau de Mastre, 16
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 14
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 12
• Myanmar (Burma):
  • First-class honours (70%): 2 year Master's degree, 5 or 85%
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 5 or 75%
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 4.5 or 65%
• Namibia:
  • First-class honours (70%): 4-year Bachelor Honours (post 2008) or Masters, 80% or A
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 70% or B
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 60% or C
• Nepal:
  • First-class honours (70%): 4 -year professional degree or Masters (after 3-year Bachelor degree), 80% or 3.7 GPA
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 65% or 3.3 GPA
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 60% or 3.0 GPA
• Netherlands:
  • First-class honours (70%): Netherlands, 8
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 7
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 6
• New Zealand:
  • First-class honours (70%): 4 Year Honours degree (480 credits) - Level 8, First (7.0)
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): Upper Second (6.0)
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): Lower Second (4.0)
• Nicaragua:
  • First-class honours (70%): Licenciatura (4 year), 90%
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 80%
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 70%
• Nigeria:
  • First-class honours (70%): 7 point Scale, 6
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 5
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 3.0 (on 5 point scale)
• Norway:
  • First-class honours (70%): Norway, A / 1.8
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): B / 2.3
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): C / 3.0
• Oman:
  • First-class honours (70%): GPA 4.0 scale, 3.5
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 3.0
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 2.5
• Pakistan:
  • First-class honours (70%): 4 Year degree only (the higher of the 2 options), A- or GPA 3.7
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): B or GPA 3.0
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): C+ or GPA 2.6
• Palestine:
  • First-class honours (70%): Bachelor (4-years), (85%) 3.5
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): (80%) 3.0
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): (70%) 2.5
• Panama:
  • First-class honours (70%): 4 Year Licenciado / Título de [subject area], 91 (A)
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 81 (B)
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 71 (C)
• Papua New Guinea:
  • First-class honours (70%): Bachelor (Honours) Degree, 1st
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 2:1
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 2:2
• Paraguay:
  • First-class honours (70%): 4 Year Título de Licenciado / Título de [subject area], 4.5 (85%)
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 4 (80%)
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 3.5 (75%)
• Peru:
  • First-class honours (70%): 4 Year Título de Licenciado / Título de [subject area], 14
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 13
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 12
• Philippines:
  • First-class honours (70%): Degree from prestigious state universities or Centres of Excellence (COE), Summa Cum Laude 4.0 / 96% / 1.0
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): Magna cum Laude 3.5 / 92% / 1.5
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): Cum Laude 3.0 / 87%/ 2.0
• Poland:
  • First-class honours (70%): Bachelor Degree (post 2003) Magister (pre- 2003), 5
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 4.5
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 4
• Portugal:
  • First-class honours (70%): Diploma de Estudos Superiores Especializados (DESE) or Licenciado, 18
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 16
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 14
• Qatar:
  • First-class honours (70%): GPA 4.0 scale, 3.5
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 3.0
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 2.8
• Romania:
  • First-class honours (70%): Diploma de Licenta/ Diploma de Inginer, 9
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 8
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 7
• Russia:
  • First-class honours (70%): Bakalavr/Specialist Diploma/Magistr, 4.5
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 4.0
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 3.5
• Rwanda:
  • First-class honours (70%): 4 -year bachelor (Hons) degree (480 credits), 1st, 16/20 (80%)
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 2:1,14/20 (70%)
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 2:2, 12/20 (60%)
• Saudi Arabia:
  • First-class honours (70%): GPA 4.0 scale, 3.5
  • Upper second-class honours (60%): 3.0
  • Lower second-class honours (50%): 2.8
• Senegal: