Program Overview

Secure and Governed V2X Data Exchange in Connected Vehicle Environments

Qualification(s) available: PhD

Entry requirements

• 2:1
• Fees:
  • (Self-funded)
  • Dependent on start date. See below.
• Full-time: 3 years
• Start date:
  • July 2026,
  • October 2026
• Application deadline: 30 April 2026
• Project reference: CO/AA-SF1/2025
• Location: Loughborough
• Subject area(s): Computer Science

Project details

This project focuses on applying data governance principles to Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication systems. It will examine how to ensure the security, privacy, and traceability of data exchanged between vehicles, infrastructure, pedestrians, and cloud platforms. The research will develop a governance framework tailored for V2X contexts and evaluate it using a scenario-based simulation involving dynamic data flows and cross-entity interactions.

94% of Loughborough’s research impact is rated world-leading or internationally excellent. REF 2021

Supervisors

• Primary supervisor: Asma Adnane

Entry requirements

Our entry requirements are listed using standard UK undergraduate degree classifications i.e. first-class honours, upper second-class honours and lower second-class honours. To learn the equivalent for your country, please choose it from the drop-down below.

Country-specific requirements

• United Kingdom:
  • First-class honours: 70%
  • Upper second-class honours: 60%
  • Lower second-class honours: 50%
• Afghanistan:
  • First-class honours: 95% (Masters), 70% (Bachelors)
  • Upper second-class honours: 85% (Masters), 60% (Bachelors)
  • Lower second-class honours: 70% (Masters), 50% (Bachelors)
• Albania:
  • First-class honours: 9.5 (Diplomë e Nivelit të Pare)
  • Upper second-class honours: 8.5 (Diplomë e Nivelit të Pare)
  • Lower second-class honours: 8 (Diplomë e Nivelit të Pare)
• Algeria:
  • First-class honours: 16 (Licence, Diplome d'Inginieur d'Etat, Diplôme d'Etudes Supérieures)
  • Upper second-class honours: 14 (Licence, Diplome d'Inginieur d'Etat, Diplôme d'Etudes Supérieures)
  • Lower second-class honours: 12 (Licence, Diplome d'Inginieur d'Etat, Diplôme d'Etudes Supérieures)
• Argentina:
  • First-class honours: 8.5 (Licenciatura/Licenciado)
  • Upper second-class honours: 7.5 (Licenciatura/Licenciado)
  • Lower second-class honours: 6.0 (Licenciatura/Licenciado)
• Armenia:
  • First-class honours: 90% or 3.9 (Bakalavri Kochum, Magistrosi Kochum)
  • Upper second-class honours: 80% or 3.5 (Bakalavri Kochum, Magistrosi Kochum)
  • Lower second-class honours: 70% or 3.0 (Bakalavri Kochum, Magistrosi Kochum)
• Australia:
  • First-class honours: First Class, 80% (Honours degree), High Distinction (80% or 85%, Ordinary degree)
  • Upper second-class honours: Upper Second, 70%, H2A (Honours degree), Distinction (75% or 80%, Ordinary degree)
  • Lower second-class honours: Lower Second, 60%, H2B (Honours degree), Distinction (70% or 75%, Ordinary degree)
• Austria:
  • First-class honours: A (or 1.5, Diplomstudium, Fachhochschuldiplom)
  • Upper second-class honours: 60% / B / (or 2, Diplomstudium, Fachhochschuldiplom)
  • Lower second-class honours: 60% / B / (or 2, Diplomstudium, Fachhochschuldiplom)
• Azerbaijan:
  • First-class honours: 4.5 or 90% (Bakalavr Diplomu, Diplomu)
  • Upper second-class honours: 4 or 80% (Bakalavr Diplomu, Diplomu)
  • Lower second-class honours: 3.5 or 70% (Bakalavr Diplomu, Diplomu)
• Bahamas:
  • First-class honours: 1st (GPA 3.6, University of the West Indies)
  • Upper second-class honours: 2:1 (GPA 3.0, University of the West Indies)
  • Lower second-class honours: 2:2 (GPA 2.5, University of the West Indies)
• Bahrain:
  • First-class honours: 3.5 (GPA 4.0 scale)
  • Upper second-class honours: 3.0 (GPA 4.0 scale)
  • Lower second-class honours: 2.8 (GPA 4.0 scale)
• Bangladesh:
  • First-class honours: 1st (70%, 4 Year Bachelor of Science in Engineering), 3.5 (GPA, 4 Year Bachelor degree or BSc in Nursing)
  • Upper second-class honours: 2nd (60%, 4 Year Bachelor of Science in Engineering), 3.0 (GPA, 4 Year Bachelor degree or BSc in Nursing)
  • Lower second-class honours: 2nd (55%, 4 Year Bachelor of Science in Engineering), 2.75 (GPA, 4 Year Bachelor degree or BSc in Nursing)
• Barbados:
  • First-class honours: 1st (GPA 3.6, University of the West Indies), 1st or GPA 3.75 (Barbados Community College)
  • Upper second-class honours: 2:1 (GPA 3.0, University of the West Indies), 2:1 or GPA 3.5 (Barbados Community College)
  • Lower second-class honours: 2:2 (GPA 2.5, University of the West Indies), 2:2 or GPA 3.0 (Barbados Community College)
• Belarus:
  • First-class honours: 9 (Specialist Diploma)
  • Upper second-class honours: 7 (Specialist Diploma)
  • Lower second-class honours: 5 (Specialist Diploma)
• Belgium:
  • First-class honours: 80% or 17 (Bachelor degree, Licenciaat, Licencie)
  • Upper second-class honours: 70% or 14 (Bachelor degree, Licenciaat, Licencie)
  • Lower second-class honours: 60% or 12 (Bachelor degree, Licenciaat, Licencie)
• Belize:
  • First-class honours: 1st (GPA 3.6, University of the West Indies)
  • Upper second-class honours: 2:1 (GPA 3.0, University of the West Indies)
  • Lower second-class honours: 2:2 (GPA 2.5, University of the West Indies)
• Benin:
  • First-class honours: 18 (Maitrise)
  • Upper second-class honours: 15 or Bien (Maitrise)
  • Lower second-class honours: 12 or Assez Bien (Maitrise)
• Bermuda:
  • First-class honours: 1st (GPA 3.6, University of the West Indies)
  • Upper second-class honours: 2:1 (GPA 3.0, University of the West Indies)
  • Lower second-class honours: 2:2 (GPA 2.5, University of the West Indies)
• Bolivia:
  • First-class honours: 85/78 (Licenciado, 4 years Private)
  • Upper second-class honours: 75/66 (Licenciado, 4 years Private)
  • Lower second-class honours: 67/55 (Licenciado, 4 years Private)
• Bosnia and Herzegovina:
  • First-class honours: 10 (Diploma Visokog Obrazovanja, Diplomirani)
  • Upper second-class honours: 9 (Diploma Visokog Obrazovanja, Diplomirani)
  • Lower second-class honours: 8 (Diploma Visokog Obrazovanja, Diplomirani)
• Botswana:
  • First-class honours: A or 80% (Master's degree)
  • Upper second-class honours: B or 70% (Master's degree)
  • Lower second-class honours: C or 60% (Master's degree)
• Brazil:
  • First-class honours: 8.5 (Brazil, 4 yr Bacharel or Licenciado/Licenciatura or Título Profissional)
  • Upper second-class honours: 7.5 (Brazil, 4 yr Bacharel or Licenciado/Licenciatura or Título Profissional)
  • Lower second-class honours: 6.5 (Brazil, 4 yr Bacharel or Licenciado/Licenciatura or Título Profissional)
• Brunei:
  • First-class honours: First (Brunei)
  • Upper second-class honours: Upper Second (60%/B/3.1, Brunei)
  • Lower second-class honours: Lower Second (50% or C or 2.5, Brunei)
• Bulgaria:
  • First-class honours: 6 (5 yr Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie)
  • Upper second-class honours: 5 (5 yr Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie)
  • Lower second-class honours: 4 (5 yr Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie)
• Burundi:
  • First-class honours: 18 (Masters or Diplôme d'Études Approfondies or Diplôme Ingénieur)
  • Upper second-class honours: 15/20 (Bien, Masters or Diplôme d'Études Approfondies or Diplôme Ingénieur)
  • Lower second-class honours: 12.5/20 (Assez Bien, Masters or Diplôme d'Études Approfondies or Diplôme Ingénieur)
• Cambodia:
  • First-class honours: 80% or B+ or 3.5 (Masters)
  • Upper second-class honours: 70% or B or 3.0 (Masters)
  • Lower second-class honours: 60% or C+ or 2.5 (Masters)
• Cameroon:
  • First-class honours: 1st / 3.6 or 15/Tres Bien (Bachelor degree or Diplome d'Etudes Superiures de Commerce or Diplome d'Ingenieur or Diplôme d'Ingénieur de Conception or a Maitrise, 4 year Licence or Master 1)
  • Upper second-class honours: 2:1 / GPA 3.0 or 14 / Bien (Bachelor degree or Diplome d'Etudes Superiures de Commerce or Diplome d'Ingenieur or Diplôme d'Ingénieur de Conception or a Maitrise, 4 year Licence or Master 1)
  • Lower second-class honours: 2:2 / GPA 2.5 or 12.5/ Assez Bien (Bachelor degree or Diplome d'Etudes Superiures de Commerce or Diplome d'Ingenieur or Diplôme d'Ingénieur de Conception or a Maitrise, 4 year Licence or Master 1)
• Canada:
  • First-class honours: 3.7/85% (GPA 4.0/Percentage), 8 (Out of 9), 10 (Out of 12)
  • Upper second-class honours: 3.3/75% (GPA 4.0/Percentage), 6 (Out of 9), 8 (Out of 12)
  • Lower second-class honours: 2.7/68% (GPA 4.0/Percentage), 5 (Out of 9), 6 (Out of 12)
• Chile:
  • First-class honours: 6 (Grado de Licenciado / Título de [subject area])
  • Upper second-class honours: 5.5 (Grado de Licenciado / Título de [subject area])
  • Lower second-class honours: 5 (Grado de Licenciado / Título de [subject area])
• China:
  • First-class honours:
    • Shanghai Rank Top 250: 83%
    • Shanghai Rank 251-500: 88%
    • Shanghai Rank 501+: 92%
  • Upper second-class honours:
    • Shanghai Rank Top 250: 79%
    • Shanghai Rank 251-500: 84%
    • Shanghai Rank 501+: 87%
  • Lower second-class honours:
    • Shanghai Rank Top 250: 75%
    • Shanghai Rank 251-500: 80%
    • Shanghai Rank 501+: 84%
• Colombia:
  • First-class honours: 4.5 (Licenciado / Título de [subject area])
  • Upper second-class honours: 3.75 (Licenciado / Título de [subject area])
  • Lower second-class honours: 3.2 (Licenciado / Título de [subject area])
• Costa Rica:
  • First-class honours: 9 (Licenciado)
  • Upper second-class honours: 8 or 80% (Licenciado)
  • Lower second-class honours: 7 or 75% (Licenciado)
• Croatia:
  • First-class honours: 4.5 (Baccalaureus / Prvostupnik)
  • Upper second-class honours: 3.8 (Baccalaureus / Prvostupnik)
  • Lower second-class honours: 3.0 (Baccalaureus / Prvostupnik)
• Cuba:
  • First-class honours: 5 (4-year Titulo de Licenciado / Licenciatura)
  • Upper second-class honours: 4 (4-year Titulo de Licenciado / Licenciatura)
  • Lower second-class honours: 3 (4-year Titulo de Licenciado / Licenciatura)
• Cyprus:
  • First-class honours: 8.5 (Cyprus)
  • Upper second-class honours: 7.0 (Cyprus)
  • Lower second-class honours: 6.5 (Cyprus)
• Czech Republic:
  • First-class honours: 1 (Bakalár, after 2001), 1 (6 yr integrated Magistr)
  • Upper second-class honours: 1.5 (Bakalár, after 2001), 2 (6 yr integrated Magistr)
  • Lower second-class honours: 2 (Bakalár, after 2001), 2.5 (6 yr integrated Magistr)
• Denmark:
  • First-class honours: 12 (5 year Candidatus/Candidata Magisterii or Bachelor degree)
  • Upper second-class honours: 10 (5 year Candidatus/Candidata Magisterii or Bachelor degree)
  • Lower second-class honours: 7 (5 year Candidatus/Candidata Magisterii or Bachelor degree)
• Dominican Republic:
  • First-class honours: 3.8 (4 year Licenciado or Título de [subject area])
  • Upper second-class honours: Magna Cum Laude or 3.5 or 85% (4 year Licenciado or Título de [subject area])
  • Lower second-class honours: Cum Laude or 3.2 or 82% (4 year Licenciado or Título de [subject area])
• Ecuador:
  • First-class honours: 8.5 / 85% (Título de Licenciado / Título de [subject area])
  • Upper second-class honours: 8 / 80% (Título de Licenciado / Título de [subject area])
  • Lower second-class honours: 7 / 70% (Título de Licenciado / Título de [subject area])
• Egypt:
  • First-class honours: 3.5 (Egypt), BA 90%, BSc 85% (Universities only)
  • Upper second-class honours: 3.2 (Egypt), BA 80%, BSc 75% (Universities only)
  • Lower second-class honours: 2.8 (Egypt), BA 65%, BSc 65% (Universities only)
• El Salvador:
  • First-class honours: 8.5, 85% (5 year Licenciado, Título de Ingeniero/Arquitecto)
  • Upper second-class honours: 7.5, 75% or Muy Bueno (5 year Licenciado, Título de Ingeniero/Arquitecto)
  • Lower second-class honours: 6.5, 65% or Bueno (5 year Licenciado, Título de Ingeniero/Arquitecto)
• Estonia:
  • First-class honours: 5 or 91% or A (Bakalaureusekraad or Magister or Magistrikraad)
  • Upper second-class honours: 4 or 81% or B (Bakalaureusekraad or Magister or Magistrikraad)
  • Lower second-class honours: 3 or 71% or C (Bakalaureusekraad or Magister or Magistrikraad)
• Ethiopia:
  • First-class honours: A / GPA 4.0 (Masters, up to 2025), A / GPA 4.0 (4-year Bachelor degree with thesis, from 2024), A / GPA 4.0 (5-year Bachelor degree, from 2025)
  • Upper second-class honours: A / GPA 3.5 (Masters, up to 2025), A / GPA 3.5 (4-year Bachelor degree with thesis, from 2024), A / GPA 3.5 (5-year Bachelor degree, from 2025)
  • Lower second-class honours: B / GPA 2.8 (Masters, up to 2025), B / GPA 2.8 (4-year Bachelor degree with thesis, from 2024), B / GPA 2.8 (5-year Bachelor degree, from 2025)
• Finland:
  • First-class honours: 3 (out of 3) or 4.5 (out of 5) (Kandidaattii/Kandidat or the Maisteri/Magister)
  • Upper second-class honours: 2 (out of 3) or 3 (out of 5) (Kandidaattii/Kandidat or the Maisteri/Magister)
  • Lower second-class honours: 1 (out of 3) or 2.5 (out of 5) (Kandidaattii/Kandidat or the Maisteri/Magister)
• France:
  • First-class honours: 14 (Licence, 3 years), 14 (Maitrise), 14 (Diplôme d'Ingénieur)
  • Upper second-class honours: 13 (Licence, 3 years), 13 (Maitrise), 13 (Diplôme d'Ingénieur)
  • Lower second-class honours: 11 (Licence, 3 years), 11 (Maitrise), 11 (Diplôme d'Ingénieur)
• Georgia:
  • First-class honours: 5 (95%, 4-year degree)
  • Upper second-class honours: 4.0 (85%, 4-year degree)
  • Lower second-class honours: 3.5 (75%, 4-year degree)
• Germany:
  • First-class honours: 1.5 (German Bachelor, Diplom, Magister Artium, Zeugnis über den Zweiten Abschnitt der Ärztlichen Prüfung)
  • Upper second-class honours: 2.5 (German Bachelor, Diplom, Magister Artium, Zeugnis über den Zweiten Abschnitt der Ärztlichen Prüfung)
  • Lower second-class honours: 3.0 (German Bachelor, Diplom, Magister Artium, Zeugnis über den Zweiten Abschnitt der Ärztlichen Prüfung)
• Ghana:
  • First-class honours: First (Ghana)
  • Upper second-class honours: Upper second/60% (Ghana)
  • Lower second-class honours: Lower second/50% (Ghana)
• Greece:
  • First-class honours: 8.5 (Universities), 8.5 (TEI and non-University Institutions)
  • Upper second-class honours: 7.0 (Universities), 7 (TEI and non-University Institutions)
  • Lower second-class honours: 6 (Universities), 6.5 (TEI and non-University Institutions)
• Grenada:
  • First-class honours: 1st, 70% (GPA 3.6, University of West Indies), A (University of West Indies), 3.6 (GPA, University of West Indies)
  • Upper second-class honours: 2:1, 60% (GPA 3.00, University of West Indies), B / 75% (University of West Indies), 3.0 (GPA, University of West Indies)
  • Lower second-class honours: 2:2, 50% (GPA 2.5, University of West Indies), C / 55% (University of West Indies), 2.0 (GPA, University of West Indies)
• Guatemala:
  • First-class honours: 90% (public university) / 95% (private university) (Liceniado / Titulo de (subject area), 4 years)
  • Upper second-class honours: 80% (public university) / 85% (private university) (Liceniado / Titulo de (subject area), 4 years)
  • Lower second-class honours: 60% (public university) / 70% (private university) (Liceniado / Titulo de (subject area), 4 years)
• Guyana:
  • First-class honours: GPA 4 (Master's)
  • Upper second-class honours: GPA 3.5 (Master's)
  • Lower second-class honours: 3.0 (Master's)
• Honduras:
  • First-class honours: GPA 5 or 90% (Título de Licenciado / Grado Académico de Licenciatura, 4 year degree)
  • Upper second-class honours: GPA 4 or 80% (Título de Licenciado / Grado Académico de Licenciatura, 4 year degree)
  • Lower second-class honours: GPA 3.5 or 70% (Título de Licenciado / Grado Académico de Licenciatura, 4 year degree)
• Hong Kong:
  • First-class honours: 1st or 3.5/4
  • Upper second-class honours: 2:1or 3/4
  • Lower second-class honours: 2:2 or 2.5/4
• Hungary:
  • First-class honours: 4.5 (Alapfokozt or Egyetemi Oklevel / Bachelor)
  • Upper second-class honours: 3.5 (Alapfokozt or Egyetemi Oklevel / Bachelor)
  • Lower second-class honours: 3 (Alapfokozt or Egyetemi Oklevel / Bachelor)
• Iceland:
  • First-class honours: 8.5 (Baccalaurreatus degree or Kandidatsprof/Candidatus Mag)
  • Upper second-class honours: 7.5 (Baccalaurreatus degree or Kandidatsprof/Candidatus Mag)
  • Lower second-class honours: 6.5 (Baccalaurreatus degree or Kandidatsprof/Candidatus Mag)
• India:
  • First-class honours: 65% (First, Institutions listed on the National Institutional Ranking Framework), 70% (First with distinction, All other Indian institutions)
  • Upper second-class honours: 60% (First, Institutions listed on the National Institutional Ranking Framework), 65% (First, All other Indian institutions)
  • Lower second-class honours: 55% (Upper second, Institutions listed on the National Institutional Ranking Framework), 60% (First, All other Indian institutions)
• Indonesia:
  • First-class honours: 3.3 (Sarjana I, from accredited Universities)
  • Upper second-class honours: 3.0 (Sarjana I, from accredited Universities)
  • Lower second-class honours: 2.8 (Sarjana I, from accredited Universities)
• Iran:
  • First-class honours: 17 (Iran)
  • Upper second-class honours: 15 (Iran)
  • Lower second-class honours: 13 (Iran)
• Iraq:
  • First-class honours: 80% (Iraq)
  • Upper second-class honours: 75% (Iraq)
  • Lower second-class honours: 70% (Iraq)
• Ireland:
  • First-class honours: First (70%, Republic of Ireland)
  • Upper second-class honours: Upper second (60%, Republic of Ireland)
  • Lower second-class honours: Lower second (50%, Republic of Ireland)
• Israel:
  • First-class honours: 90% (3 yr Bachelor Degree)
  • Upper second-class honours: 80% (3 yr Bachelor Degree)
  • Lower second-class honours: 70% (3 yr Bachelor Degree)
• Italy:
  • First-class honours: 109/110 (Diploma di Laurea)
  • Upper second-class honours: 100/110 (Diploma di Laurea)
  • Lower second-class honours: 90/110 (Diploma di Laurea)
• Ivory Coast:
  • First-class honours: 16 (Diplome d'Etude Approfondies, Diplome d'Etude Superieures or Diplome d'Etude Superieures)
  • Upper second-class honours: 14 (Bien, Diplome d'Etude Approfondies, Diplome d'Etude Superieures or Diplome d'Etude Superieures)
  • Lower second-class honours: 12 (Assez Bien, Diplome d'Etude Approfondies, Diplome d'Etude Superieures or Diplome d'Etude Superieures)
• Jamaica:
  • First-class honours: 1st (GPA 3.6, University of West Indies or degrees accredited by UCJ and CCCJ)
  • Upper second-class honours: 2:1 (GPA 3.0, University of West Indies or degrees accredited by UCJ and CCCJ), B (University of West Indies or degrees accredited by UCJ and CCCJ)
  • Lower second-class honours: 2:2, 50% (GPA 2.5, University of West Indies or degrees accredited by UCJ and CCCJ)
• Japan:
  • First-class honours: 85% or A or 3.5 (Gakushi, GPA 4.0 scale)
  • Upper second-class honours: 80% or B or 3.0 (Gakushi, GPA 4.0 scale)
  • Lower second-class honours: 70% or C or 2.0 (Gakushi, GPA 4.0 scale)
• Jordan:
  • First-class honours: 3.5 (GPA 4.0 scale)
  • Upper second-class honours: 3 or 3.5/5 or 75% (GPA 4.0 scale)
  • Lower second-class honours: 2.5 (or 3.0/5) / 63% (GPA 4.0 scale)
• Kazakhstan:
  • First-class honours: 4.5 or 90% (GPA 5.0/percentage scale), 3.9 (GPA 4.33 scale), 3.7 (GPA 4.0 scale)
  • Upper second-class honours: 4 or 85% (GPA 5.0/percentage scale), 3.7 (GPA 4.33 scale), 3.4 (GPA 4.0 scale)
  • Lower second-class honours: 3.5 or 80% (GPA 5.0/percentage scale), 3.2 (GPA 4.33 scale), 3 (GPA 4.0 scale)
• Kenya:
  • First-class honours: First / 70% / A (Kenya)
  • Upper second-class honours: Upper second / 60% / B (Kenya)
  • Lower second-class honours: Lower second / 50% / C (Kenya)
• Kosovo:
  • First-class honours: 10 (Kosovo)
  • Upper second-class honours: 9 (Kosovo)
  • Lower second-class honours: 8 (Kosovo)
• Kuwait:
  • First-class honours: 3.6 (GPA 4.0 scale)
  • Upper second-class honours: 3.0 (GPA 4.0 scale)
  • Lower second-class honours: 2.6 (GPA 4.0 scale)
• Latvia:
  • First-class honours: 9 (Latvia)
  • Upper second-class honours: 7 (Latvia)
  • Lower second-class honours: 6 (Latvia)
• Lebanon:
  • First-class honours: 18 (American), 18 (French)
  • Upper second-class honours: 15 (Bien, French), 15 (American)
  • Lower second-class honours: 12 (Assez Bien, French), 12 (American)
• Liberia:
  • First-class honours: 4.0 or 90% (Master's)
  • Upper second-class honours: 3.5 or 85% (Master's)
  • Lower second-class honours: 3 or 80% (Master's)
• Libya:
  • First-class honours: 85 (3.6, BSc Engineering, Architecture, Medicine), 90 (4.0, Other bachelor's degree from a university)
  • Upper second-class honours: 75 (3.0, BSc Engineering, Architecture, Medicine), 85% (3.6, Other bachelor's degree from a university)
  • Lower second-class honours: 65 (2.5, BSc Engineering, Architecture, Medicine), 75% (3.0, Other bachelor's degree from a university)
• Lithuania:
  • First-class honours: 9 (Lithuania)
  • Upper second-class honours: 8 (Lithuania)
  • Lower second-class honours: 7 (Lithuania)
• Luxembourg:
  • First-class honours: 18 (excellent, Luxembourg)
  • Upper second-class honours: 16 (tres Bien, Luxembourg)
  • Lower second-class honours: 14 (bien, Luxembourg)
• Macau:
  • First-class honours: 1st or GPA 3.7 (Macau)
  • Upper second-class honours: 2:1 or GPA 3.0 (Macau)
  • Lower second-class honours: 2:2 or GPA 2.5 (Macau)
• Macedonia:
  • First-class honours: 10 (Magistar Дипломиран / Баццалауреус / Баццалауреа)
  • Upper second-class honours: 9 (Magistar Дипломиран / Баццалауреус / Баццалауреа)
  • Lower second-class honours: 8 (Magistar Дипломиран / Баццалауреус / Баццалауреа)
• Malawi:
  • First-class honours: MSc 75% (Master's only)
  • Upper second-class honours: MSc 70% (Master's only)
  • Lower second-class honours: MSc 65% (Master's only)
• Malaysia:
  • First-class honours: First Class (Classification), 3.5 (GPA 4.0 scale)
  • Upper second-class honours: 2.1 (Classification), 3.0 (GPA 4.0 scale)
  • Lower second-class honours: GPA 2.5 (Classification), 2.8 (GPA 4.0 scale)
• Malta:
  • First-class honours: 1st (80%, Malta)
  • Upper second-class honours: 2:1 (70%, Malta)
  • Lower second-class honours: 2:2 (55%, Malta)
• Mauritius:
  • First-class honours: 1st or 70% (Mauritius)
  • Upper second-class honours: 2:1 or 60% (Mauritius)
  • Lower second-class honours: 2:2 or 50% (Mauritius)
• Mexico:
  • First-class honours: 8.5 (Licenciatura / Licenciado/ Título de [subject area])
  • Upper second-class honours: 8 (Licenciatura / Licenciado/ Título de [subject area])
  • Lower second-class honours: 7 (Licenciatura / Licenciado/ Título de [subject area])
• Moldova:
  • First-class honours: 9 (Diploma de Licenţă)
  • Upper second-class honours: 8 (Diploma de Licenţă)
  • Lower second-class honours: 7 (Diploma de Licenţă)
• Mongolia:
  • First-class honours: 90% or 3.5 (Диплом Специалиста)
  • Upper second-class honours: 80% or GPA 3.2 (Диплом Специалиста)
  • Lower second-class honours: 70% or GPA 3.0 (Диплом Специалиста)
• Montenegro:
  • First-class honours: 10 (or 5.0, Diploma of Completed Undergraduate Studies or Diploma of Professional Undergraduate Studies)
  • Upper second-class honours: 9 (or 4.5, Diploma of Completed Undergraduate Studies or Diploma of Professional Undergraduate Studies)
  • Lower second-class honours: 8 (or 4.0, Diploma of Completed Undergraduate Studies or Diploma of Professional Undergraduate