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Bachelors

Biological Sciences, B.Sc. Major

University of Manitoba
Winnipeg , Canada
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Start Date
Not Available
Medium of studying
On campus
Duration
4 years
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Program Details
Degree
Bachelors
Major
Biology | Ecology | Genetics
Area of study
Natural Science
Education type
On campus
Timing
Full time
Course Language
English
About Program

Program Overview

Biological Sciences Major Entrance, Continuation, and Graduation Requirements

The four-year Major program will provide intensive training in all areas of Biology comparable to that of the Honours program but has less demanding performance requirements. Additionally, students may complete the Major degree requirements on a part-time basis or with appropriate standing and course selection, students who meet the entrance requirements may transfer to the Honours program at any time up to the commencement of Year 4.


Upon joining the Department of Biological Sciences, students enter the broad B.Sc. Biological Sciences program. Students interested in focusing their studies in a particular discipline of biology can choose to declare a concentration in either Ecology and Evolutionary Biology or Molecular, Cellular, and Systems Biology.


Course Requirements

  • BIOL 4100 − Honours Thesis is not available to students in this program.
  • To enter the Biological Sciences four-year Major program, a student must have completed a minimum of 24 credit hours with a minimum DGPA of 2.00 and obtained a minimum grade of "C+" in BIOL 1030.
  • CHEM 1100, CHEM 1110 (if required for the concentration), CHEM 1120, STAT 1150 or STAT 1000, and six credit hours of specified Mathematics or Physics courses are program requirements and students are strongly encouraged to complete these courses by the end of their second year.

Continuation Requirements

  • To continue in the Bachelor of Science Major degree, a student must maintain a minimum DGPA of 2.00.

Graduation Requirements

  • To graduate with the Bachelor of Science (Major) in Biological Sciences, a student must obtain a minimum DGPA of 2.00 and a minimum grade of "C" or better in all required courses and required option courses.

Major Co-operative Option

A co-operative education option is available for Major students. Students should refer to the Co-operative Education section for further information on the Co-op programs.


  • The course and minimum grade requirements for entry and continuation in the Co-operative Option are the same as those required for the regular Major program. However, the entry and continuation DGPA requirement is set at a minimum of 2.5.
  • Before starting the first co-op work term, the following prerequisite courses must be completed:
    • BIOL 1020 | Biology 1: Principles and Themes | 3
    • BIOL 1030 | Biology 2: Biological Diversity, Function and Interactions | 3
    • CHEM 1100 | Introductory Chemistry 1: Atomic and Molecular Structure and Energetics | 3
    • CHEM 1120 | Introduction to Chemistry Techniques | 3
    • STAT 1150 | Introduction to Statistics and Computing | 3
    • or STAT 1000 | Basic Statistical Analysis 1
    • 6 credit hours of specified Mathematics or Physics | 6
    • BIOL 2300 | Principles of Ecology | 3
    • or BIOL 2390 | Introductory Ecology
    • BIOL 2500 | Genetics 1 | 3
    • BIOL 2520 | Cell Biology | 3
    • In addition, students must complete 9-12 credit hours from program courses as outlined in the specific program grids.

Degree Requirements

Four Year Major: Biological Sciences

  • Important Note: The program need not be completed in the manner prescribed in the grid above. The grid indicates one possible arrangement of the 120 credit hours that make up the degree and is meant to be a guide around which students can plan their program with a view to satisfying the prerequisites of the required courses.
  • Plan of Study Grid:
    • Year 1:
      • BIOL 1020 | Biology 1: Principles and Themes | 3
      • BIOL 1030 | Biology 2: Biological Diversity, Function and Interactions (C+) | 3
      • CHEM 1100 | Introductory Chemistry 1: Atomic and Molecular Structure and Energetics | 3
      • CHEM 1120 | Introduction to Chemistry Techniques | 3
      • STAT 1150 | Introduction to Statistics and Computing | 3
      • or STAT 1000 | Basic Statistical Analysis 1
      • Total Hours: 15
    • Years 1-2:
      • 6 credit hours of Mathematics/Physics from:
        • MATH 1240 | Elementary Discrete Mathematics | 4
        • MATH 1300 | Vector Geometry and Linear Algebra | 4
        • MATH 1500 | Introduction to Calculus | 4
        • MATH 1700 | Calculus 2 | 4
        • PHYS 1020 | General Physics 1
        • or PHYS 1050 | Physics 1: Mechanics
      • 6 credit hours from the Faculty of Arts including a required "W" course | 6
      • 15 credit hours of electives | 15
      • Total Hours: 27
    • Year 2:
      • BIOL 2300 | Principles of Ecology | 3
      • or BIOL 2390 | Introductory Ecology
      • BIOL 2500 | Genetics 1 | 3
      • BIOL 2520 | Cell Biology | 3
      • One of:
        • BIOL 2200 | The Invertebrates | 3
        • BIOL 2210 | The Chordates | 3
        • BIOL 2240 | The Non-Flowering Plants | 3
        • BIOL 2242 | The Flowering Plants | 3
      • Two additional of:
        • BIOL 2200 | The Invertebrates | 3
        • BIOL 2210 | The Chordates | 3
        • BIOL 2240 | The Non-Flowering Plants | 3
        • BIOL 2242 | The Flowering Plants | 3
        • BIOL 2260 | Biology of Fungi and Lichens | 3
        • BIOL 2262 | Biology of Algae | 3
        • BIOL 2420 | Human Physiology 2 | 3
        • BIOL 2470 | Introduction to Nervous Systems | 3
        • BIOL 2600 | Introduction to Computational Biology | 3
      • Total Hours: 18
    • Years 3-4:
      • BIOL 3300 | Evolutionary Biology | 3
      • 33 credit hours of 3000 or 4000 biological sciences courses including:
        • 15 credit hours from List A
        • at least 6 credit hours at the 4000 level
      • 24 credit hours of electives | 24
      • Co-op Requirements (if selected):
        • SCI 3980 | Co-operative Education Work Term 1 | 0
        • SCI 3990 | Co-operative Education Work Term 2 | 0
        • SCI 4980 | Co-operative Education Work Term 3 | 0
        • SCI 4990 | Co-operative Education Work Term 4 (if 4th term selected) | 0
      • Total Hours: 60
      • Total Hours for Degree: 120

Four Year Major: Molecular, Cellular, and Systems Biology Concentration

  • Important Note: The program need not be completed in the manner prescribed in the grid above. The grid indicates one possible arrangement of the 120 credit hours that make up the degree and is meant to be a guide around which students can plan their program with a view to satisfying the prerequisites of the required courses.
  • Plan of Study Grid:
    • Year 1:
      • BIOL 1020 | Biology 1: Principles and Themes | 3
      • BIOL 1030 | Biology 2: Biological Diversity, Function and Interactions (C+) | 3
      • CHEM 1100 | Introductory Chemistry 1: Atomic and Molecular Structure and Energetics | 3
      • CHEM 1110 | Introductory Chemistry 2: Interaction, Reactivity, and Chemical Properties | 3
      • CHEM 1120 | Introduction to Chemistry Techniques | 3
      • STAT 1150 | Introduction to Statistics and Computing | 3
      • or STAT 1000 | Basic Statistical Analysis 1
      • Total Hours: 18
    • Years 1-2:
      • 6 credit hours of Mathematics/Physics from:
        • MATH 1240 | Elementary Discrete Mathematics | 4
        • MATH 1300 | Vector Geometry and Linear Algebra | 4
        • MATH 1500 | Introduction to Calculus | 4
        • MATH 1700 | Calculus 2 | 4
        • PHYS 1020 | General Physics 1
        • or PHYS 1050 | Physics 1: Mechanics
      • 6 credit hours from the Faculty of Arts including a required "W" course | 6
      • 3 credit hours of electives | 3
      • Total Hours: 15
    • Year 2:
      • BIOL 2300 | Principles of Ecology | 3
      • or BIOL 2390 | Introductory Ecology
      • BIOL 2500 | Genetics 1 | 3
      • BIOL 2520 | Cell Biology | 3
      • One of:
        • BIOL 2200 | The Invertebrates | 3
        • BIOL 2210 | The Chordates | 3
        • BIOL 2240 | The Non-Flowering Plants | 3
        • BIOL 2242 | The Flowering Plants | 3
      • Two additional of:
        • BIOL 2200 | The Invertebrates | 3
        • BIOL 2210 | The Chordates | 3
        • BIOL 2240 | The Non-Flowering Plants | 3
        • BIOL 2242 | The Flowering Plants | 3
        • BIOL 2260 | Biology of Fungi and Lichens | 3
        • BIOL 2262 | Biology of Algae | 3
        • BIOL 2420 | Human Physiology 2 | 3
        • BIOL 2470 | Introduction to Nervous Systems | 3
        • BIOL 2600 | Introduction to Computational Biology | 3
      • CHEM 2100 | Organic Chemistry 1: Foundations of Organic Chemistry | 3
      • Select Group A or Group B:
        • Group A:
          • CHEM/MBIO 2700 | Biochemistry 1: Biomolecules and an Introduction to Metabolic Energy | 3
          • CHEM/MBIO 2710 | Biochemistry 2: Catabolism, Synthesis, and Information Pathways | 3
          • CHEM 2720 | Principles and Practices of the Modern Biochemistry Laboratory | 3
        • Group B:
          • CHEM/MBIO 2730 | Elements of Biochemistry 1 | 3
          • CHEM/MBIO 2750 | Elements of Biochemistry 2 | 3
          • CHEM 2740 | Introduction to the Biochemistry Laboratory | 3
      • Total Hours: 27
    • Years 3-4:
      • BIOL 3300 | Evolutionary Biology | 3
      • 33 credit hours of 3000 or 4000 biological sciences courses including:
        • 15 credit hours from List A
        • 12 credit hours from List C
        • at least 6 credit hours at the 4000 level
      • 24 credit hours of electives | 24
      • Co-op Requirements (if selected):
        • SCI 3980 | Co-operative Education Work Term 1 | 0
        • SCI 3990 | Co-operative Education Work Term 2 | 0
        • SCI 4980 | Co-operative Education Work Term 3 | 0
        • SCI 4990 | Co-operative Education Work Term 4 (if 4th term selected) | 0
      • Total Hours: 60
      • Total Hours for Degree: 120

Four Year Major: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Concentration

  • Important Note: The program need not be completed in the manner prescribed in the grid above. The grid indicates one possible arrangement of the 120 credit hours that make up the degree and is meant to be a guide around which students can plan their program with a view to satisfying the prerequisites of the required courses.
  • Plan of Study Grid:
    • Year 1:
      • BIOL 1020 | Biology 1: Principles and Themes | 3
      • BIOL 1030 | Biology 2: Biological Diversity, Function and Interactions (C+) | 3
      • CHEM 1100 | Introductory Chemistry 1: Atomic and Molecular Structure and Energetics | 3
      • CHEM 1120 | Introduction to Chemistry Techniques | 3
      • STAT 1150 | Introduction to Statistics and Computing | 3
      • or STAT 1000 | Basic Statistical Analysis 1
      • Total Hours: 15
    • Years 1-2:
      • 6 credit hours of Mathematics/Physics from:
        • MATH 1240 | Elementary Discrete Mathematics | 4
        • MATH 1300 | Vector Geometry and Linear Algebra | 4
        • MATH 1500 | Introduction to Calculus | 4
        • MATH 1700 | Calculus 2 | 4
        • PHYS 1020 | General Physics 1
        • or PHYS 1050 | Physics 1: Mechanics
      • 6 credit hours from the Faculty of Arts including a required "W" course | 6
      • 12 credit hours of electives | 12
      • Total Hours: 24
    • Year 2:
      • BIOL 2300 | Principles of Ecology | 3
      • BIOL 2500 | Genetics 1 | 3
      • BIOL 2520 | Cell Biology | 3
      • One of:
        • BIOL 2200 | The Invertebrates | 3
        • BIOL 2210 | The Chordates | 3
        • BIOL 2240 | The Non-Flowering Plants | 3
        • BIOL 2242 | The Flowering Plants | 3
      • Two additional of:
        • BIOL 2200 | The Invertebrates | 3
        • BIOL 2210 | The Chordates | 3
        • BIOL 2240 | The Non-Flowering Plants | 3
        • BIOL 2242 | The Flowering Plants | 3
        • BIOL 2260 | Biology of Fungi and Lichens | 3
        • BIOL 2262 | Biology of Algae | 3
        • BIOL 2470 | Introduction to Nervous Systems | 3
        • BIOL 2600 | Introduction to Computational Biology | 3
      • STAT 2150 | Statistics and Computing | 3
      • or STAT 2000 | Basic Statistical Analysis 2
      • Total Hours: 21
    • Years 3-4:
      • BIOL 3300 | Evolutionary Biology | 3
      • One of:
        • BIOL 3310 | Foundations of Population Ecology | 3
        • BIOL 3312 | Community Ecology | 3
      • 30 credit hours of 3000 or 4000 biological sciences courses including:
        • 15 credit hours from List A
        • 12 credit hours from List D
        • at least 6 credit hours at the 4000 level
      • 24 credit hours of electives | 24
      • Co-op Requirements (if selected):
        • SCI 3980 | Co-operative Education Work Term 1 | 0
        • SCI 3990 | Co-operative Education Work Term 2 | 0
        • SCI 4980 | Co-operative Education Work Term 3 | 0
        • SCI 4990 | Co-operative Education Work Term 4 (if 4th term selected) | 0
      • Total Hours: 60
      • Total Hours for Degree: 120

Major Program Course Lists

List A − Biological Sciences courses with laboratory or field components

  • BIOL 3242 | Vascular Flora of Manitoba | 3
  • BIOL 3250 | Lichens and Bryophytes | 3
  • BIOL 3270 | Introductory Parasitology | 3
  • BIOL 3310 | Foundations of Population Ecology | 3
  • BIOL 3312 | Community Ecology | 3
  • BIOL 3314 | Field Ecology | 3
  • BIOL 3350 | Data Analysis in Ecology | 3
  • BIOL 3370 | Limnology | 3
  • BIOL 3372 | Wetland Ecology | 3
  • BIOL 3400 | Plant Physiology | 3
  • BIOL 3452 | Environmental Plant Physiology | 3
  • BIOL 3470 | Environmental Physiology of Animals 1 | 3
  • BIOL 3472 | Environmental Physiology of Animals 2 | 3
  • BIOL 3500 | Genetics 2 | 3
  • BIOL 3550 | Plant Anatomy | 3
  • BIOL 3560 | Comparative Animal Histology | 3
  • BIOL 4210 | Biology of Fishes | 3
  • BIOL 4212 | Systematics and Biogeography of Fishes | 3
  • BIOL 4214 | Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles | 3
  • BIOL 4216 | Biology of Birds | 3
  • BIOL 4218 | Biology of Mammals | 3
  • BIOL 4262 | Wildlife and Fisheries Parasitology | 3
  • BIOL 4310 | Applications of Population Ecology in Fisheries and Wildlife | 3
  • BIOL 4314 | Arctic Field Ecology | 3
  • BIOL 4362 | Behavioural Ecology and Cognitive Ethology | 3
  • BIOL 4380 | Environmental Toxicology | 3
  • BIOL 4510 | Evolutionary Genetics | 3
  • BIOL 4540 | Developmental Molecular Biology | 3
  • BIOL 4544 | Advanced Developmental and Cellular Biology | 3
  • BIOL 4554 | Molecular Biology Techniques for Eukaryotes - DNA | 3
  • BIOL 4556 | Molecular Biology Techniques for Eukaryotes - RNA | 3
  • BIOL 4560 | Microtechnique | 3

List B − Acceptable courses for 3000 or 4000 level credit from other units

  • ANSC 3500 | Principles of Animal Genetics | 3
  • ANSC 4410 | Grassland Agriculture: Plant, Animal and Environment | 3
  • BGEN 3022 | Introduction to Human Genetics A | 3
  • BGEN 3024 | Introduction to Human Genetics B | 3
  • CHEM 4360 | Signalling and Regulation of Gene Expression | 3
  • CHEM 4620 | Biochemistry of Nucleic Acids | 3
  • CHEM 4630 | Biochemistry of Proteins | 3
  • CHEM 4670 | Drug Design and Drug Discovery | 3
  • ENTM 3160 | Veterinary and Wildlife Entomology | 3
  • ENTM 3162 | Manitoba's Insect Fauna | 3
  • ENTM 3170 | Crop Protection Entomology | 3
  • ENTM 3180 | Field Techniques in Entomology | 3
  • ENTM 3190 | Introduction to Applied Entomology | 3
  • ENTM 4280 | Aquatic Entomology | 3
  • ENTM 4320 | Pollination Biology | 3
  • ENTM 4500 | Insect Taxonomy and Morphology | 3
  • ENTM 4520 | Physiological Ecology of Insects | 3
  • GEOL 3310 | Paleontology | 3
  • MBIO 3000 | Applied Biological Safety | 3
  • MBIO 3010 | Mechanisms of Microbial Disease | 3
  • MBIO 3282 | Microbial Communities | 3
  • MBIO 3410 | Molecular Biology | 3
  • MBIO 3430 | Molecular Evolution | 3
  • MBIO 3450 | Regulation of Biochemical Processes | 3
  • MBIO 3460 | Membrane and Cellular Biochemistry | 3
  • MBIO 4020 | Immunology | 3
  • MBIO 4602 | Molecular Genetics of Prokaryotes - Lectures | 3
  • MBIO 4612 | Molecular Genetics of Eukaryotes - Lectures | 3
  • MBIO 4672 | Applied Molecular Biology | 3
  • PHAC 3000 | Foundations of Pharmacology | 3
  • PHAC 4030 | Drugs in Human Disease I | 3
  • PHAC 4040 | Drugs in Human Disease II | 3
  • PLNT 3520 | Principles of Plant Improvement | 3
  • PLNT 3570 | Fundamentals of Plant Pathology | 3
  • PLNT 4330 | Intermediate Plant Genetics | 3
  • PLNT 4410 | Grassland Agriculture: Plant, Animal and Environment | 3

List C − Discipline-specific courses for Molecular, Cellular, and Systems Biology concentration

  • BIOL 3400 | Plant Physiology | 3
  • BIOL 3452 | Environmental Plant Physiology | 3
  • BIOL 3470 | Environmental Physiology of Animals 1 | 3
  • BIOL 3472 | Environmental Physiology of Animals 2 | 3
  • BIOL 3500 | Genetics 2 | 3
  • BIOL 3542 | Developmental Biology | 3
  • BIOL 3560 | Comparative Animal Histology | 3
  • BIOL 4400 | Revegetation of Disturbed Lands | 3
  • BIOL 4460 | Comparative Animal Energetics | 3
  • BIOL 4470 | Physiology of Excitable Cells | 3
  • BIOL 4480 | Comparative Endocrinology | 3
  • BIOL 4500 | Molecular Genetics of Plant Development | 3
  • BIOL 4510 | Evolutionary Genetics | 3
  • BIOL 4540 | Developmental Molecular Biology | 3
  • BIOL 4542 | Genes and Development | 3
  • BIOL 4544 | Advanced Developmental and Cellular Biology | 3
  • BIOL 4554 | Molecular Biology Techniques for Eukaryotes - DNA | 3
  • BIOL 4556 | Molecular Biology Techniques for Eukaryotes - RNA | 3
  • BIOL 4560 | Microtechnique | 3
  • BIOL 4570 | Developmental Neuroscience | 3

List D − Discipline-specific courses for Ecology and Evolutionary Biology concentration

  • BIOL 3200 | Advanced Invertebrate Biology | 3
  • BIOL 3242 | Vascular Flora of Manitoba | 3
  • BIOL 3250 | Lichens and Bryophytes | 3
  • BIOL 3270 | Introductory Parasitology | 3
  • BIOL 3280 | Forest Botany | 3
  • BIOL 3290 | Medicinal and Hallucinogenic Plants | 3
  • BIOL 3310 | Foundations of Population Ecology | 3
  • BIOL 3312 | Community Ecology | 3
  • BIOL 3314 | Field Ecology | 3
  • BIOL 3318 | Boreal Ecology | 3
  • BIOL 3340 | Biology of Primitive Fungi and Allies | 3
  • BIOL 3350 | Data Analysis in Ecology | 3
  • BIOL 3360 | Animal Behaviour | 3
  • BIOL 3370 | Limnology | 3
  • BIOL 3372 | Wetland Ecology | 3
  • BIOL 4210 | Biology of Fishes | 3
  • BIOL 4212 | Systematics and Biogeography of Fishes | 3
  • BIOL 4214 | Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles | 3
  • BIOL 4216 | Biology of Birds | 3
  • BIOL 4218 | Biology of Mammals | 3
  • BIOL 4220 | Marine Biodiversity | 3
  • BIOL 4262 | Wildlife and Fisheries Parasitology | 3
  • BIOL 4300 | Evolution and Adaptation | 3
  • BIOL 4310 | Applications of Population Ecology in Fisheries and Wildlife | 3
  • BIOL 4312 | Analysis of Biological Communities | 3
  • BIOL 4314 | Arctic Field Ecology | 3
  • BIOL 4330 | Plant Interactions | 3
  • BIOL 4362 | Behavioural Ecology and Cognitive Ethology | 3
  • BIOL 4374 | Aquatic Botany | 3
  • BIOL 4380 | Environmental Toxicology | 3

Courses

Biological Sciences

  • BIOL 1000 | Biology: Foundations of Life | 3
    • A course in unifying principles of biology including cell biology, bioenergetics, cell division, genetics and evolution. May not be used for credit in a Major or Honours program in the Biological Sciences. May not be held with BIOL 1001, BIOL 1020, or BIOL 1021.
    • Prerequisite: One of Grade 12 or 40S Mathematics course (50%), MATH 1018, or MSKL 0100.
  • BIOL 1010 | Biology: Biological Diversity and Interaction | 3
    • An introduction to biological diversity including prokaryotes, protists, fungi, plants and animals; the form and function of plants and animals and basic concepts of ecology. May not be used for credit in a Major or Honours program in the Biological Sciences. May not be held with BIOL 1011, BIOL 1030, or BIOL 1031.
    • Prerequisite: One of Grade 12 or 40S Mathematics course (50%), MATH 1018, or MSKL 0100.
  • BIOL 1020 | Biology 1: Principles and Themes | 3
    • (Lab required) A laboratory-based course in unifying principles of biology including cell biology, bioenergetics, cell division, genetics and evolution. This course is intended for Major and Honours students in the Biological Sciences. May not be held with BIOL 1021, BIOL 1000, BIOL 1001, or BIOE 2590.
    • Prerequisite: [Biology 40S (50%) and (one of: Mathematics 40S (50%), MATH 1018, or MSKL 0100) and (one of: Chemistry 40S (50%), CHEM 1018, CSKL 0100, Physics 40S (50%), PHYS 1018, or PSKL 0100)] or [BIOL 1000 or BIOL 1001].
  • BIOL 1030 | Biology 2: Biological Diversity, Function and Interactions | 3
    • (Lab Required) A laboratory-based course introducing biological diversity including prokaryotes, protists, fungi, plants and animals; the form and function of plants and animals and basic concepts of ecology. This course is intended for major and honours students in the Biological Sciences. Not to be held with BIOL 1031, BIOL 1010 or BIOL 1011, BIOE 2590.
    • Prerequisite: BIOL 1020 or BIOL 1021.
  • BIOL 1300 | Economic Plants | 3
    • A survey of economically important plants and their products. The history of plant use, plants in folklore and medicine, fermentation and viticulture, domestication of plants, and forestry are the major topics covered. Chemical, structural, and nutritional aspects of plant products are also discussed.
  • BIOL 1340 | The State of the Earth's Environment: Contemporary Issues | 3
    • A presentation of contemporary environmental issues focusing on the scientific basis of problems caused by the growth of human population, use and depletion of resources, pollution, and damage to the environment. The current state of our knowledge bases will be discussed, along with improvements in them that may be necessary. The course will consider needs for action, priorities, and opportunities. May not be held with ENVR 1000 or ENVR 1001.
  • BIOL 1410 | Anatomy of the Human Body | 3
    • (Lab Required) Microanatomy and gross anatomy discussed including changes occurring from conception to old age. Although this course may be used as an elective in an Arts or Science program, it may not be used to meet a program requirement of an Honours or Major program in the Biological Sciences. May not be held with BIOL 1411. No prerequisite. High school Biology strongly recommended.
  • BIOL 1412 | Physiology of the Human Body | 3
    • (Lab Required) Function of all systems discussed with homeostatic regulatory mechanisms as foundation themes. May not be used to meet a program requirement of an Honours or Major program in the Biological Sciences. May not be held with BIOL 1413, and not available to students who have previously obtained credit in, or are currently registered in BIOL 2410, BIOL 2411, BIOL 2420, or BIOL 2421.
  • BIOL 2200 | The Invertebrates | 3
    • (Lab Required) Biology and phylogeny of invertebrates. Emphasis on common taxa and on those groups of particular phylogenetic significance. Not to be held with BIOL 2201.
  • BIOL 2210 | The Chordates | 3
    • (Lab Required) A study of the origin, evolutionary history and structure of the major groups of Chordates. Provides the foundation for more specialized courses such as Biology of Fishes, Ornithology, and Systematics and Biogeography of Fishes.
  • BIOL 2240 | The Non-Flowering Plants | 3
    • (Lab Required) An introduction to the mosses and liverworts, ferns and their allies, and conifers, specifically treating their structure, reproduction, identification and ecological significance.
  • BIOL 2242 | The Flowering Plants | 3
    • (Lab Required) A study of the structure and function of the flowering plants. Lecture topics are supplemented by laboratory exercises that focus on the anatomy and morphology of roots, stems, leaves and reproductive organs.
  • BIOL 2260 | Biology of Fungi and Lichens | 3
    • (Lab required) An introduction to the true fungi and lichenized microbial communities, with emphasis on the life histories and organismal biology of major taxonomic groupings, their identification and diversity, and general societal significance.
  • BIOL 2262 | Biology of Algae | 3
    • (Lab Required) Lectures and laboratories dealing with the cellular features of major groups of algae and their phylogenetic and adaptive significance. The basics of algal taxonomy are also covered.
  • BIOL 2300 | Principles of Ecology | 3
    • (Lab required) Principles of ecology at the individual, population, community, and ecosystems levels. This course is the normal prerequisite to other courses in ecology. May not be held with BIOL 2301, BIOL 2390, or AGEC 2370.
  • BIOL 2380 | Introductory Toxicology | 3
    • A survey of general principles underlying the effects of toxic substances on biological systems, including consideration of the history, scope and applications of toxicology, the mechanisms of toxic action, and some major types of toxicants.
  • BIOL 2390 | Introductory Ecology | 3
    • The course involves a study of the interrelationships of living organisms (including human) with each other and with their environment. It is not normally acceptable as a prerequisite to other courses in ecology.
  • BIOL 2410 | Human Physiology 1 | 3
    • The mechanisms of action of the body's major control systems (nervous and endocrine) and of the muscular and reproductive systems are examined.
  • BIOL 2420 | Human Physiology 2 | 3
    • An examination of homeostatic regulation by the body's major effector organ systems (cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, renal, and immune).
  • BIOL 2440 | Human Reproductive Physiology | 3
    • This course provides an in-depth understanding of human reproduction with particular emphasis on intrinsic control mechanisms and extrinsic methods of regulation of reproduction.
  • BIOL 2470 | Introduction to Nervous Systems | 3
    • (Lab required) This course provides biology students with a comparative introduction to the evolution of nervous systems in invertebrates and vertebrates.
  • BIOL 2500 | Genetics 1 | 3
    • (Lab Required) Principles of heredity, gametogenesis and the cytological basis of inheritance in plants and animals.
  • BIOL 2520 | Cell Biology | 3
    • The microscopic and submicroscopic aspects of cellular structure and function are considered with emphasis on the living cell as a dynamic system.
  • BIOL 2600 | Introduction to Computational Biology | 3
    • (Lab required) Biologists working in fields from genomics to ecology to physiology collect, analyze, and interpret their data using quantitative methods.
  • BIOL 2890 | Special Topics in Biology | 3
    • Biology encompasses a broad array of ideas and special topic areas. In this course, students can pursue a specific topic in detail through lectures, seminars and research projects.
  • BIOL 2892 | Special Topics in Biology with Laboratory | 3
    • (Lab required) Biology encompasses a broad array of ideas and special topic areas. In this course, students can pursue a specific topic in detail through lectures, laboratories, seminars and research projects.
  • BIOL 3100 | Skills in Biological Sciences | 3
    • (Lab required) This course will introduce students to the concepts and skills necessary to succeed in a research directed Biology-based career.
  • BIOL 3200 | Advanced Invertebrate Biology | 3
    • Topics of current interest within diverse phyla of Invertebrates to be surveyed.
  • BIOL 3242 | Vascular Flora of Manitoba | 3
    • (Lab Required) A survey of the vascular plants of Manitoba emphasizing identification, nomenclature and classification, and including brief accounts of the distribution and post-glacial history of the main floristic associations within the province.
  • BIOL 3250 | Lichens and Bryophytes | 3
    • (Lab required) The biology, evolution, and ecology of lichens and bryophytes.
  • BIOL 3270 | Introductory Parasitology | 3
    • (Lab required) Parasitism is one of the most common lifestyles on Earth and has significant effects on health, economics, politics, and the environment.
  • BIOL 3280 | Forest Botany | 3
    • An examination of the structure and dynamics of plant communities in forested ecosystems.
  • BIOL 3290 | Medicinal and Hallucinogenic Plants | 3
    • A botanical and historical survey of medicinal, hallucinogenic and poisonous plants used in various cultures.
  • BIOL 3300 | Evolutionary Biology | 3
    • (Lab required) Evolution is the ultimate cause of biological diversity.
  • BIOL 3310 | Foundations of Population Ecology | 3
    • (Lab Required) The study of living populations, through experimentation and theory, will be examined.
  • BIOL 3312 | Community Ecology | 3
    • Lectures and laboratories emphasizing the structure and function of terrestrial biotic communities with emphasis upon selected Manitoba situations.
  • BIOL 3314 | Field Ecology | 3
    • Lectures and field exercises examine problems, techniques, and assumptions involved in measuring parameters of biological populations, communities, and environmental variables.
  • BIOL 3318 | Boreal Ecology | 3
    • A survey of ecological factors in the formation, evolution,
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